/******************************************************************************
 *  Compilation:  javac SeparateChainingHashST.java
 *  Execution:    java SeparateChainingHashST < input.txt
 *  Dependencies: StdIn.java StdOut.java
 *  Data files:   http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/34hash/tinyST.txt
 *
 *  A symbol table implemented with a separate-chaining hash table.
 * 
 ******************************************************************************/

package edu.princeton.cs.algs4;

/**
 *  The {@code SeparateChainingHashST} class represents a symbol table of generic
 *  key-value pairs.
 *  It supports the usual <em>put</em>, <em>get</em>, <em>contains</em>,
 *  <em>delete</em>, <em>size</em>, and <em>is-empty</em> methods.
 *  It also provides a <em>keys</em> method for iterating over all of the keys.
 *  A symbol table implements the <em>associative array</em> abstraction:
 *  when associating a value with a key that is already in the symbol table,
 *  the convention is to replace the old value with the new value.
 *  Unlike {@link java.util.Map}, this class uses the convention that
 *  values cannot be {@code null}—setting the
 *  value associated with a key to {@code null} is equivalent to deleting the key
 *  from the symbol table.
 *  <p>
 *  This implementation uses a separate chaining hash table. It requires that
 *  the key type overrides the {@code equals()} and {@code hashCode()} methods.
 *  The expected time per <em>put</em>, <em>contains</em>, or <em>remove</em>
 *  operation is constant, subject to the uniform hashing assumption.
 *  The <em>size</em>, and <em>is-empty</em> operations take constant time.
 *  Construction takes constant time.
 *  <p>
 *  For additional documentation, see <a href="http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu/34hash">Section 3.4</a> of
 *  <i>Algorithms, 4th Edition</i> by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 *  For other implementations, see {@link ST}, {@link BinarySearchST},
 *  {@link SequentialSearchST}, {@link BST}, {@link RedBlackBST}, and
 *  {@link LinearProbingHashST},
 *
 *  @author Robert Sedgewick
 *  @author Kevin Wayne
 */
public class SeparateChainingHashST<Key, Value> {
    private static final int INIT_CAPACITY = 4;

    private int n;                                // number of key-value pairs
    private int m;                                // hash table size
    private SequentialSearchST<Key, Value>[] st;  // array of linked-list symbol tables


    /**
     * Initializes an empty symbol table.
     */
    public SeparateChainingHashST() {
        this(INIT_CAPACITY);
    } 

    /**
     * Initializes an empty symbol table with {@code m} chains.
     * @param m the initial number of chains
     */
    public SeparateChainingHashST(int m) {
        this.m = m;
        st = (SequentialSearchST<Key, Value>[]) new SequentialSearchST[m];
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
            st[i] = new SequentialSearchST<Key, Value>();
    } 

    // resize the hash table to have the given number of chains,
    // rehashing all of the keys
    private void resize(int chains) {
        SeparateChainingHashST<Key, Value> temp = new SeparateChainingHashST<Key, Value>(chains);
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            for (Key key : st[i].keys()) {
                temp.put(key, st[i].get(key));
            }
        }
        this.m  = temp.m;
        this.n  = temp.n;
        this.st = temp.st;
    }

    // hash value between 0 and m-1
    private int hash(Key key) {
        return (key.hashCode() & 0x7fffffff) % m;
    } 

    /**
     * Returns the number of key-value pairs in this symbol table.
     *
     * @return the number of key-value pairs in this symbol table
     */
    public int size() {
        return n;
    } 

    /**
     * Returns true if this symbol table is empty.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if this symbol table is empty;
     *         {@code false} otherwise
     */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return size() == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if this symbol table contains the specified key.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @return {@code true} if this symbol table contains {@code key};
     *         {@code false} otherwise
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public boolean contains(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to contains() is null");
        return get(key) != null;
    } 

    /**
     * Returns the value associated with the specified key in this symbol table.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @return the value associated with {@code key} in the symbol table;
     *         {@code null} if no such value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public Value get(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to get() is null");
        int i = hash(key);
        return st[i].get(key);
    } 

    /**
     * Inserts the specified key-value pair into the symbol table, overwriting the old 
     * value with the new value if the symbol table already contains the specified key.
     * Deletes the specified key (and its associated value) from this symbol table
     * if the specified value is {@code null}.
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @param  val the value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public void put(Key key, Value val) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("first argument to put() is null");
        if (val == null) {
            delete(key);
            return;
        }

        // double table size if average length of list >= 10
        if (n >= 10*m) resize(2*m);

        int i = hash(key);
        if (!st[i].contains(key)) n++;
        st[i].put(key, val);
    } 

    /**
     * Removes the specified key and its associated value from this symbol table     
     * (if the key is in this symbol table).    
     *
     * @param  key the key
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code key} is {@code null}
     */
    public void delete(Key key) {
        if (key == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("argument to delete() is null");

        int i = hash(key);
        if (st[i].contains(key)) n--;
        st[i].delete(key);

        // halve table size if average length of list <= 2
        if (m > INIT_CAPACITY && n <= 2*m) resize(m/2);
    } 

    // return keys in symbol table as an Iterable
    public Iterable<Key> keys() {
        Queue<Key> queue = new Queue<Key>();
        for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
            for (Key key : st[i].keys())
                queue.enqueue(key);
        }
        return queue;
    } 


    /**
     * Unit tests the {@code SeparateChainingHashST} data type.
     *
     * @param args the command-line arguments
     */
    public static void main(String[] args) { 
        SeparateChainingHashST<String, Integer> st = new SeparateChainingHashST<String, Integer>();
        for (int i = 0; !StdIn.isEmpty(); i++) {
            String key = StdIn.readString();
            st.put(key, i);
        }

        // print keys
        for (String s : st.keys()) 
            StdOut.println(s + " " + st.get(s)); 

    }

}

/******************************************************************************
 *  Copyright 2002-2016, Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne.
 *
 *  This file is part of algs4.jar, which accompanies the textbook
 *
 *      Algorithms, 4th edition by Robert Sedgewick and Kevin Wayne,
 *      Addison-Wesley Professional, 2011, ISBN 0-321-57351-X.
 *      http://algs4.cs.princeton.edu
 *
 *
 *  algs4.jar is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 *  (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  algs4.jar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *  GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *  along with algs4.jar.  If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses.
 ******************************************************************************/