proposal_man.htm
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<div class=Section1>
<h1>Hardware issues related to securing the manufacturing of the BB player</h1>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>The
following document outlines the impact of any hardware support to make the
manufacturing of BB more secure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>The key
steps in the manufacturing are as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo12;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Chip
manufacturer produces wafers<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo12;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Chip
manufacturer or another third party packages chips (possibly burns Ids) and
tests<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo12;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Board
manufacturer builds test board and possibly loads software<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>The
requirements are:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo15;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Every
BB should have a unique ID<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo15;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Its
public key should be registered with the server under the ID<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo15;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Should
be loaded with the secure software with no tampering<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>(The
consequence of this attack is that our entire security mechanism could be
broken down.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l6 level1 lfo15;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>The
private, public key pairs should not be visible to any hacker outside the
system who can use it for two purposes:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:
l6 level2 lfo15;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Work
with the BB manufacturer to make clones<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:
l6 level2 lfo15;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><![if !supportLists]><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Courier New";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
font-weight:normal'>o<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Break
licenses which are encrypted by BB private key <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>(The
consequence of the earlier is breaking down our revenue model. The consequence
of the latter is that someone could read off content encryption keys or make
licenses useless. One still cannot generate licenses since he needs the license
server private key to sign it.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>The
assumption is that the chip manufacturer is a reputable firm that trusts
intellectual property. The chip manufacturer will not collude with an illegal
third party to make clones or supply chip IP or misrepresent the number of
chips manufactured by him for the customer. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Types
of attacks:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo14;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Chip
manufacturer could make clones of the chip with same Ids and keys, so our
license server could never tell them apart. Then a license purchased for one of
the clones would work for all of them. This is an extreme scenario we want to
avoid.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo14;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>A
software hacker generates himself keys, registers them and receives licenses to
be used on a clone device. We still get the revenue for content but our players
are not necessary.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo14;
tab-stops:list .5in'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>The
software loading entity tampers secure software to circumvent the security
checks, so illegal content could run on our players.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2 style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-weight:normal'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Option 1:
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Chip
manufacturer initializes by burning in key pair and BBID and he is completely
trusted. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Option
2:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>The
software is loaded and keys and Ids are loaded by another party after the
manufacture. (This means that physically this party has access to key pairs and
Ids). This party is completely trusted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>Option
3:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal'>(Distribute
the risk).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l5 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
manufacturer is given an ID to burn in every chip coming out of
manufacturing. (In addition the hardware may generate itself a random ID
more on this later).</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l5 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
board level assembly is completed by the board manufacturer, who loads a
piece of software, which initialises the network interface, and downloads
code to generate a private/public key pair. It registers it with our
server along with the hardware ID. This connection to the server is made
using the authenticity of the board manufacturer.</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l5 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in'>The
box establishes a connection with another server using the key pair and
downloads secure software into the box. (At this point the server knows
about the birth of this BB).</li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>The rationale for the above is that the final private/public
key pair is not manually handed to anyone in the process.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>There are two reasons why random number generation in the
chip is useful. One is to generate an ID for the box. (The BB ID becomes a combination
of this and a server assigned number). Secondly, it helps in the key generation
since there are no other natural sources of randomness.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b>Random number generation: </b>There are a few examples of
secure processors which have the capacity to generate random numbers. The
generator may be used either for ID generation, key generation or for other
protocols for nonces etc. </p>
<p class=MsoNormal>Some examples are:</p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l12 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Intel 820
random number generator produces key pairs</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l12 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>AT&T T
7001 random number generator</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l12 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Atmel
AT90SP0801 used in notebooks</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l12 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Broadcom 5820
e-commerce processor, 5805 Security processor</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:3.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>Technologies: (with reference)</span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>G.B
Agnew: two capacitors in close proximity, random output bit is function</span>
<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>of diff
in charge between the two</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>AT&T
chip: Frequency instability of free running oscillator </span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Manfield
Richter: thermal noise from semiconductor diode.</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l9 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Resistor
thermal noise</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>A possibility suggested for us is to mix the following:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:38.7pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo5;
tab-stops:list 38.7pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]>A function of two free running clocks, video and CPU.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:38.7pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l7 level1 lfo5;
tab-stops:list 38.7pt'><![if !supportLists]><span style='font-family:Symbol'>·<span
style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span><![endif]>Randomness in network interface activity.</p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Degrees of hardware support:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l11 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Hardware
generates itself a random number used for key generation using one shot
logic (before any software or human intervention).</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Example: http://www.siid.com</span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l11 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Hardware
generates itself a random ID, not good enough for key generation,</span> <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>so used for
authenticating to server, server supplies randomness. Software uses random
seed to implement PRNG and hence keys or gets prime numbers and merely
generates keys. </span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l11 level1 lfo6;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Key is
completely generated outside and securely loaded to the box and</span> <span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>in our server
(both ends have to be secured by non-electronic/personnel means- no
hardware requirement).</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Purpose:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>If every
piece of functional hardware is unique, it prevents cloning: hence
cheating our system by defeating the license purchase, box revenue etc.</span>
<span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>(Note:
even if the manufacturer cannot clone, he can still work with a software
hacker who has chip software which bypasses license checking).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l4 level1 lfo7;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>If
manufacturer has access to the end result, the private key, he can misuse
it to not only create clones, but sell to someone to crack licenses. (So
there is benefit to having the box generate its own keys in software even
if it has no internal source of randomness... ofcourse if the keys become
deterministic, he just has to work with a software hacker to create the
same keys)</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>The possible malpractices:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=circle>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level2 lfo8;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>(hardest)
manufacturer makes boxes of different IDs, but works with a software
guy to bypass our security mechanism and a different provider who has
access to all our content unencrypted (a completely autonomous business
using our hardware design and our/pirated content but their own content
distribution)</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level2 lfo8;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>(hard)
manufacturer misuses random numbers/seeds to write software to generate
identical keys and burns in final result to make clones</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l2 level2 lfo8;tab-stops:list 1.0in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>(easy)<span
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>the manufacturer makes clones of same
IDs/keys (since he gets final keys from us), which can play our content,
with some one who resells copied licenses which work for all boxes of
same IDs and keys</span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>In addition to all this we may require intelligent correlating
software on the server to detect malpractices. For example, we detect if a same
ID tries to purchase content from two parts of the country at the same time.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>Note: if box generates ID, it will be used with a server generated ID
(to guarantee uniqueness) and will be used in the license as BBID.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>Also note: if hardware generates keys, we may need software to validate
the hardware number generator before using it, then the purpose may be
defeated.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Software issues related to manufacturing choices:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>RSA keys need prime numbers to be generated in the box, which require
software for large integer</span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=circle>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>need high
quality random number generator</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>use that to
generate prime number candidates</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>test
primality (square, modulus, exponentiation - loop over this)</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>test relative
primality</span></li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l0 level1 lfo9;tab-stops:list .5in'><span
style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>solve
equation to get private key</span></li>
</ul>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>(Example above is using Miller Rabin probabilistic prime number
generation).</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<h1><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>Elliptic curve keys require<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>Prime numbers and additional tables (curves) as public information</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>-the private key generation only requires random number (which becomes
the private key) and the operation of elliptic multiplication with a public
quantity.</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>(complexity for key generation is about 11:0.15 RSA:elliptic curve
complexity ratio, code size may similarly be much smaller - dont know exactly)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>(Side issue: signature generation is about 10:0.15 RSA:elliptic curve
but signature verification is 0.4:0.6 complexity ratio, decryption is a one
shot operation... key sizes are about 1024:160 bits for equal strength)</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal> </p>
<p class=MsoNormal><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoBodyText2><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Open issues:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul style='margin-top:0in' type=circle>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'>Fundamentally
to what extent can our manufacturers (chip and board) be trusted? To burn
in keys, or to burn in an ID, or neither?</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'>Does
our manufacturer have the ability to burn in a given ID, what is the extra
cost?</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'>Does
our manufacturer have support for one shot logic to create a random ID?</li>
<li class=MsoNormal style='mso-list:l8 level1 lfo11;tab-stops:list .5in'>Does
our manufacturer have any cores to help random number generation logic
(analog or digital)?</li>
</ul>
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